antabuse history alcoholism treatment

WARNING:
Disulfiram should never be administered to a patient when he is in a state ofalcohol intoxication, or without his full knowledge antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

The physician should instruct relatives accordingly antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

DESCRIPTION
Disulfiram is an alcohol antagonist drug antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

CHEMICAL NAME:

bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA:

Disulfiram occurs as a white to off-white, odorless, and almost tasteless powder,soluble in water to the extent of about 20 mg in 100 mL, and in alcohol to theextent of about 3.8 g in 100 mL antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Each tablet for oral administration contains 250 mg or 500 mg disulfiram, USP antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Tablets also contain colloidal silicon dioxide, anhydrous lactose, magnesiumstearate, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and stearic acid antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Disulfiram produces a sensitivity to alcohol which results in a highly unpleasantreaction when the patient under treatment ingests even small amounts of alcohol antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Duringalcohol metabolism following disulfiram intake, the concentration of acetaldehydeoccurring in the blood may be 5 to 10 times higher than that found during metabolismof the same amount of alcohol alone antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood produces a complex of highly unpleasantsymptoms referred to hereinafter as the disulfiram-alcohol reaction antabuse history alcoholism treatment. This reaction,which is proportional to the dosage of both disulfiram and alcohol, will persistas long as alcohol is being metabolized antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Disulfiram does not appear to influencethe rate of alcohol elimination from the body antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Disulfiram is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract and is eliminatedslowly from the body antabuse history alcoholism treatment. One (or even two) weeks after a patient has taken hislast dose of disulfiram, ingestion of alcohol may produce unpleasant symptoms antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Prolonged administration of disulfiram does not produce tolerance; the longera patient remains on therapy, the more exquisitely sensitive he becomes to alcohol antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Disulfiram is an aid in the management of selected chronic alcohol patientswho want to remain in a state of enforced sobriety so that supportive and psychotherapeutictreatment may be applied to best advantage antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Disulfiram is not a cure for alcoholism antabuse history alcoholism treatment. When used alone, without proper motivationand supportive therapy, it is unlikely that it will have any substantive effecton the drinking pattern of the chronic alcoholic antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
Patients who are receiving or have recently received metronidazole, paraldehyde,alcohol, or alcohol-containing preparations, e.g., cough syrups, tonics andthe like, should not be given disulfiram antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Disulfiram is contraindicated in the presence of severe myocardial diseaseor coronary occlusion, psychoses, and hypersensitivity to disulfiram or to otherthiuram derivatives used in pesticides and rubber vulcanization antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

WARNINGS
Disulfiram should never be administered to a patient when he is in a state ofalcohol intoxication, or without his full knowledge antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

The physician should instruct relatives accordingly antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

The patient must be fully informed of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction antabuse history alcoholism treatment. He mustbe strongly cautioned against surreptitious drinking while taking the drug,and he must be fully aware of the possible consequences antabuse history alcoholism treatment. He should be warnedto avoid alcohol in disguised forms, i.e., in sauces, vinegars, cough mixtures,and even in aftershave lotions and back rubs antabuse history alcoholism treatment. He should also be warned thatreactions may occur with alcohol up to 14 days after ingesting disulfiram antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

The Disulfiram-Alcohol Reaction: Disulfiram plus alcohol, even small amounts,produce flushing, throbbing in head and neck, throbbing headache, respiratorydifficulty, nausea, copious vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, palpitation,dyspnea, hyperventilation, tachycardia, hypotension, syncope, marked uneasiness,weakness, vertigo, blurred vision, and confusion antabuse history alcoholism treatment. In severe reactions theremay be respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse, arrhythmias, myocardialinfarction, acute congestive heart failure, unconsciousness, convulsions, anddeath antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

The intensity of the reaction varies with each individual, but is generallyproportional to the amounts of disulfiram and alcohol ingested antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Mild reactionsmay occur in the sensitive individual when the blood alcohol concentration isincreased to as little as 5 to 10 mg per 100 mL antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Symptoms are fully developedat 50 mg per 100 mL, and unconsciousness usually results when the blood alcohollevel reaches 125 to 150 mg antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

The duration of the reaction varies from 30 to 60 minutes, to several hoursin the more severe cases, or as long as there is alcohol in the blood antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Concomitant Conditions: Because of the possibility of an accidental disulfiram-alcoholreaction, disulfiram should be used with extreme caution in patients with anyof the following conditions: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, cerebraldamage, chronic and acute nephritis, hepatic cirrhosis or insufficiency antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

PRECAUTIONS
Patients with a history of rubber contact dermatitis should be evaluated forhypersensitivity to thiuram derivatives before receiving disulfiram (see CONTRAINDICATIONS) antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

It is suggested that every patient under treatment carry an IdentificationCard stating that he is receiving disulfiram and describing the symptoms mostlikely to occur as a result of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction antabuse history alcoholism treatment. In addition,this card should indicate the physician or institution to be contacted in anemergency antabuse history alcoholism treatment. (Cards may be obtained from ODYSSEY PHARMACEUTICALS upon request.)

Alcoholism may accompany or be followed by dependence on narcotics or sedatives antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Barbiturates and disulfiram have been administered concurrently without untowardeffects; the possibility of initiating a new abuse should be considered antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Hepatic toxicity including hepatic failure resulting in transplantation ordeath have been reported antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Severe and sometimes fatal hepatitis associated withdisulfiram therapy may develop even after many months of therapy antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Hepatic toxicityhas occurred in patients with or without prior history of abnormal liver function antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Patients should be advised to immediately notify their physician of any earlysymptoms of hepatitis, such as fatigue, weakness, malaise, anorexia, nausea,vomiting, jaundice, or dark urine antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Baseline and follow-up liver function tests (10-14 days) are suggested to detectany hepatic dysfunction that may result with disulfiram therapy antabuse history alcoholism treatment. In addition,a complete blood count and serum chemistries, including liver function tests,should be monitored antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Patients taking disulfiram tablets should not be exposed to ethylene dibromideor its vapors antabuse history alcoholism treatment. This precaution is based on preliminary results of animal researchcurrently in progress that suggest a toxic interaction between inhaled ethylenedibromide and ingested disulfiram resulting in a higher incidence of tumorsand mortality in rats antabuse history alcoholism treatment. A correlation between this finding and humans, however,has not been demonstrated antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Drug Interactions: Disulfiram appears to decrease the rate at which certaindrugs are metabolized and therefore may increase the blood levels and the possibilityof clinical toxicity of drugs given concomitantly antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

DISULFIRAM SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION IN THOSE PATIENTS RECEIVING PHENYTOINAND ITS CONGENERS, SINCE THE CONCOMITANT ADMINISTRATION OF THESE TWO DRUGS CANLEAD TO PHENYTOIN INTOXICATION antabuse history alcoholism treatment. PRIOR TO ADMINISTERING DISULFIRAM TO A PATIENTON PHENYTOIN THERAPY, A BASELINE PHENYTOIN SERUM LEVEL SHOULD BE OBTAINED antabuse history alcoholism treatment. SUBSEQUENTTO INITIATION OF DISULFIRAM THERAPY, SERUM LEVELS OF PHENYTOIN SHOULD BE DETERMINEDON DIFFERENT DAYS FOR EVIDENCE OF AN INCREASE OR FOR A CONTINUING RISE IN LEVELS antabuse history alcoholism treatment. INCREASED PHENYTOIN LEVELS SHOULD BE TREATED WITH APPROPRIATE DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

It may be necessary to adjust the dosage of oral anticoagulants upon beginningor stopping disulfiram, since disulfiram may prolong prothrombin time antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Patients taking isoniazid when disulfiram is given should be observed for theappearance of unsteady gait or marked changes in mental status, the disulfiramshould be discontinued if such signs appear antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

In rats, simultaneous ingestion of disulfiram and nitrite in the diet for 78weeks has been reported to cause tumors, and it has been suggested that disulfirammay react with nitrites in the rat stomach to form a nitrosamine, which is tumorigenic antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Disulfiram alone in the rat's diet did not lead to such tumors antabuse history alcoholism treatment. The relevanceof this finding to humans is not known at this time antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Usage in Pregnancy: The safe use of this drug in pregnancy has not been established antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Therefore, disulfiram should be used during pregnancy only when, in the judgementof the physician, the probable benefits outweigh the possible risks antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not beenestablished antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Since many drugs are so excreted, disulfiram should not be given to nursingmothers antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

Geriatric Use: A determination has not been made whether controlled clinicalstudies of disulfiram included sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and overto define a difference in response from younger subjects antabuse history alcoholism treatment. Other reported clinicalexperience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly andyounger patients antabuse history alcoholism treatment. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should becautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting thegreater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitantdisease or other drug therapy antabuse history alcoholism treatment.

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