long term side effects of antabuse

WARNING:
Disulfiram should never be administered to a patient when he is in a state ofalcohol intoxication, or without his full knowledge long term side effects of antabuse.

The physician should instruct relatives accordingly long term side effects of antabuse.

DESCRIPTION
Disulfiram is an alcohol antagonist drug long term side effects of antabuse.

CHEMICAL NAME:

bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide long term side effects of antabuse.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA:

Disulfiram occurs as a white to off-white, odorless, and almost tasteless powder,soluble in water to the extent of about 20 mg in 100 mL, and in alcohol to theextent of about 3.8 g in 100 mL long term side effects of antabuse.

Each tablet for oral administration contains 250 mg or 500 mg disulfiram, USP long term side effects of antabuse. Tablets also contain colloidal silicon dioxide, anhydrous lactose, magnesiumstearate, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and stearic acid long term side effects of antabuse.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Disulfiram produces a sensitivity to alcohol which results in a highly unpleasantreaction when the patient under treatment ingests even small amounts of alcohol long term side effects of antabuse.

Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage long term side effects of antabuse. Duringalcohol metabolism following disulfiram intake, the concentration of acetaldehydeoccurring in the blood may be 5 to 10 times higher than that found during metabolismof the same amount of alcohol alone long term side effects of antabuse.

Accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood produces a complex of highly unpleasantsymptoms referred to hereinafter as the disulfiram-alcohol reaction long term side effects of antabuse. This reaction,which is proportional to the dosage of both disulfiram and alcohol, will persistas long as alcohol is being metabolized long term side effects of antabuse. Disulfiram does not appear to influencethe rate of alcohol elimination from the body long term side effects of antabuse.

Disulfiram is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract and is eliminatedslowly from the body long term side effects of antabuse. One (or even two) weeks after a patient has taken hislast dose of disulfiram, ingestion of alcohol may produce unpleasant symptoms long term side effects of antabuse.

Prolonged administration of disulfiram does not produce tolerance; the longera patient remains on therapy, the more exquisitely sensitive he becomes to alcohol long term side effects of antabuse.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Disulfiram is an aid in the management of selected chronic alcohol patientswho want to remain in a state of enforced sobriety so that supportive and psychotherapeutictreatment may be applied to best advantage long term side effects of antabuse.

Disulfiram is not a cure for alcoholism long term side effects of antabuse. When used alone, without proper motivationand supportive therapy, it is unlikely that it will have any substantive effecton the drinking pattern of the chronic alcoholic long term side effects of antabuse.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
Patients who are receiving or have recently received metronidazole, paraldehyde,alcohol, or alcohol-containing preparations, e.g., cough syrups, tonics andthe like, should not be given disulfiram long term side effects of antabuse.

Disulfiram is contraindicated in the presence of severe myocardial diseaseor coronary occlusion, psychoses, and hypersensitivity to disulfiram or to otherthiuram derivatives used in pesticides and rubber vulcanization long term side effects of antabuse.

WARNINGS
Disulfiram should never be administered to a patient when he is in a state ofalcohol intoxication, or without his full knowledge long term side effects of antabuse.

The physician should instruct relatives accordingly long term side effects of antabuse.

The patient must be fully informed of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction long term side effects of antabuse. He mustbe strongly cautioned against surreptitious drinking while taking the drug,and he must be fully aware of the possible consequences long term side effects of antabuse. He should be warnedto avoid alcohol in disguised forms, i.e., in sauces, vinegars, cough mixtures,and even in aftershave lotions and back rubs long term side effects of antabuse. He should also be warned thatreactions may occur with alcohol up to 14 days after ingesting disulfiram long term side effects of antabuse.

The Disulfiram-Alcohol Reaction: Disulfiram plus alcohol, even small amounts,produce flushing, throbbing in head and neck, throbbing headache, respiratorydifficulty, nausea, copious vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, palpitation,dyspnea, hyperventilation, tachycardia, hypotension, syncope, marked uneasiness,weakness, vertigo, blurred vision, and confusion long term side effects of antabuse. In severe reactions theremay be respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse, arrhythmias, myocardialinfarction, acute congestive heart failure, unconsciousness, convulsions, anddeath long term side effects of antabuse.

The intensity of the reaction varies with each individual, but is generallyproportional to the amounts of disulfiram and alcohol ingested long term side effects of antabuse. Mild reactionsmay occur in the sensitive individual when the blood alcohol concentration isincreased to as little as 5 to 10 mg per 100 mL long term side effects of antabuse. Symptoms are fully developedat 50 mg per 100 mL, and unconsciousness usually results when the blood alcohollevel reaches 125 to 150 mg long term side effects of antabuse.

The duration of the reaction varies from 30 to 60 minutes, to several hoursin the more severe cases, or as long as there is alcohol in the blood long term side effects of antabuse.

Concomitant Conditions: Because of the possibility of an accidental disulfiram-alcoholreaction, disulfiram should be used with extreme caution in patients with anyof the following conditions: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, cerebraldamage, chronic and acute nephritis, hepatic cirrhosis or insufficiency long term side effects of antabuse.

PRECAUTIONS
Patients with a history of rubber contact dermatitis should be evaluated forhypersensitivity to thiuram derivatives before receiving disulfiram (see CONTRAINDICATIONS) long term side effects of antabuse.

It is suggested that every patient under treatment carry an IdentificationCard stating that he is receiving disulfiram and describing the symptoms mostlikely to occur as a result of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction long term side effects of antabuse. In addition,this card should indicate the physician or institution to be contacted in anemergency long term side effects of antabuse. (Cards may be obtained from ODYSSEY PHARMACEUTICALS upon request.)

Alcoholism may accompany or be followed by dependence on narcotics or sedatives long term side effects of antabuse. Barbiturates and disulfiram have been administered concurrently without untowardeffects; the possibility of initiating a new abuse should be considered long term side effects of antabuse.

Hepatic toxicity including hepatic failure resulting in transplantation ordeath have been reported long term side effects of antabuse. Severe and sometimes fatal hepatitis associated withdisulfiram therapy may develop even after many months of therapy long term side effects of antabuse. Hepatic toxicityhas occurred in patients with or without prior history of abnormal liver function long term side effects of antabuse. Patients should be advised to immediately notify their physician of any earlysymptoms of hepatitis, such as fatigue, weakness, malaise, anorexia, nausea,vomiting, jaundice, or dark urine long term side effects of antabuse.

Baseline and follow-up liver function tests (10-14 days) are suggested to detectany hepatic dysfunction that may result with disulfiram therapy long term side effects of antabuse. In addition,a complete blood count and serum chemistries, including liver function tests,should be monitored long term side effects of antabuse.

Patients taking disulfiram tablets should not be exposed to ethylene dibromideor its vapors long term side effects of antabuse. This precaution is based on preliminary results of animal researchcurrently in progress that suggest a toxic interaction between inhaled ethylenedibromide and ingested disulfiram resulting in a higher incidence of tumorsand mortality in rats long term side effects of antabuse. A correlation between this finding and humans, however,has not been demonstrated long term side effects of antabuse.

Drug Interactions: Disulfiram appears to decrease the rate at which certaindrugs are metabolized and therefore may increase the blood levels and the possibilityof clinical toxicity of drugs given concomitantly long term side effects of antabuse.

DISULFIRAM SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION IN THOSE PATIENTS RECEIVING PHENYTOINAND ITS CONGENERS, SINCE THE CONCOMITANT ADMINISTRATION OF THESE TWO DRUGS CANLEAD TO PHENYTOIN INTOXICATION long term side effects of antabuse. PRIOR TO ADMINISTERING DISULFIRAM TO A PATIENTON PHENYTOIN THERAPY, A BASELINE PHENYTOIN SERUM LEVEL SHOULD BE OBTAINED long term side effects of antabuse. SUBSEQUENTTO INITIATION OF DISULFIRAM THERAPY, SERUM LEVELS OF PHENYTOIN SHOULD BE DETERMINEDON DIFFERENT DAYS FOR EVIDENCE OF AN INCREASE OR FOR A CONTINUING RISE IN LEVELS long term side effects of antabuse. INCREASED PHENYTOIN LEVELS SHOULD BE TREATED WITH APPROPRIATE DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT long term side effects of antabuse.

It may be necessary to adjust the dosage of oral anticoagulants upon beginningor stopping disulfiram, since disulfiram may prolong prothrombin time long term side effects of antabuse.

Patients taking isoniazid when disulfiram is given should be observed for theappearance of unsteady gait or marked changes in mental status, the disulfiramshould be discontinued if such signs appear long term side effects of antabuse.

In rats, simultaneous ingestion of disulfiram and nitrite in the diet for 78weeks has been reported to cause tumors, and it has been suggested that disulfirammay react with nitrites in the rat stomach to form a nitrosamine, which is tumorigenic long term side effects of antabuse. Disulfiram alone in the rat's diet did not lead to such tumors long term side effects of antabuse. The relevanceof this finding to humans is not known at this time long term side effects of antabuse.

Usage in Pregnancy: The safe use of this drug in pregnancy has not been established long term side effects of antabuse. Therefore, disulfiram should be used during pregnancy only when, in the judgementof the physician, the probable benefits outweigh the possible risks long term side effects of antabuse.

Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not beenestablished long term side effects of antabuse.

Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk long term side effects of antabuse. Since many drugs are so excreted, disulfiram should not be given to nursingmothers long term side effects of antabuse.

Geriatric Use: A determination has not been made whether controlled clinicalstudies of disulfiram included sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and overto define a difference in response from younger subjects long term side effects of antabuse. Other reported clinicalexperience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly andyounger patients long term side effects of antabuse. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should becautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting thegreater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitantdisease or other drug therapy long term side effects of antabuse.

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